Parental Alienation - South Africa
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    • Some of the Behaviors and Actions of a Hostile Parent
    • The Underlying Causes of Hostile–Aggressive Parenting>
      • Anger and Revenge
      • Jealousy and Fear
      • Power and Control
      • Hostile-Aggressive Behaviour as a Court Strategy
      • Lawyers and the Adversarial Court Process
      • Social Workers, Counsellors and Other Health Care Professionals
      • Sole Custody Awards
      • Financial Incentives
      • Mild to Severe Personality or Psychiatric Disorders
      • Third Party Reinforcement or Involvement
      • Family Background
    • Categories of Hostile-Aggressive Parenting>
      • HAP Behaviour - Mild to Moderate Category
      • HAP Behaviour - Severe Category
      • HAP Behaviour - Critical Category
    • Identifying HAP>
      • Identifying and Evaluating “Mild to Moderate” HAP
      • Identifying and Evaluating “Severe” HAP
      • Identifying and Evaluating “Critical” HAP
    • HAP Indicators>
      • High Risk Indicators of HAP
      • Familial Risk Indicators
      • HAP Indicators in a Child
    • An HAP Parent May Invoke Sibling Alienation
    • HAP Parents Often Have A Personal Background
    • Collaborative Community-Based HAP Support Strategies>
      • Schools, Child Care Agencies and their Workers
      • Extended Family, Friends and Community
      • Health Care Professionals
      • Police and Child Welfare Protection Workers
    • HAP and Stockholm Syndrome
    • HAP induced Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (CPTSD)
    • Parental Grief Syndrome (PGS)
    • The Sole Custodial Rights and Responsibilities
    • Stratagies to Stop HAP Parenting
    • Recommended Intervention Stratergies
  • Parental Alienation
    • The Difference Between Parental Alienation and Parental Alienation Syndrome
    • Identifying Alienation>
      • Signs of Alienation in Children
      • Signs of Alienation in Adults
      • Symptoms of Parental Alienation
      • Characteristics of an Alienating Parent
      • Behavioural Manifestations in Alienating Parents
      • How Lawyers can Identify the Symptoms
      • Parental Alienation Includes Certain Features
      • Interactions Observeable in Children After Visits
      • The Alienating Parent's Techniques
      • Risk Factors For Identifying A Custodial Parent to Relocate
      • Other Ways of Carrying Out the Process of Alienation Via Programming
    • The Naive Alienator
    • The Active Alienator
    • The Obsessed Alienator
    • Possible Reasons for Parent Rejection
    • Confirming Suspected Alienation
    • Common Alienation - Related Visitation Problems
    • Management of Visitation
    • Pathological Symptoms Developed by Children
    • Recommendations for Alienated Children
    • Counselling or Mediation
    • Pursuing A Change in Custody
    • Why Parents Give Up Fighting
    • What to DO If Your Child is Being Alienated
    • What NOT to do If Your Child is Being Alienated
  • P.A.S
    • Detection of PAS>
      • Eight Points About PAS
      • The Eight Symptoms of PAS
      • The Eight Symptoms Explained
      • Differential Diagnosis Of The Three Types Of PAS
      • A Child Suffering From PAS May Show Fear Of The Following People
      • PAS Can Be Concluded To Exist In A Person...
    • Brainwashing Techniques>
      • Brainwashing Detection Techniques
      • Eight Stages of the Programming That Culminates in Severe PAS
      • Five Types of Psychological Maltreatment are Adapted for PAS
      • Mood Induction
      • Collaboration
    • Differential Treatment Of The Three Types Of PAS
    • Criteria For Differentiation Between PAS And Bona Fide Abuse
    • Some Experts Consider PAS As A Form Of Child Abuse
    • What Is The Best Way To Deal With PAS
    • PAS Motivators
    • What You Do And Don't Do
    • Alienation in its Severest Forms Require Comprehensive and Resource Intensive Responses
    • Subtle Underlying Complicity Of PAS
    • Primary Symptoms Seen In Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
    • Risk Factors of Parental Alienation Syndrome
    • Guidelines for Assessing Parental Preference in Child-Custody Disputes
  • Domestic Violence
    • Web Definitions of Domestic Violence
    • Physical Abuse Behaviour
    • Emotional And Psychological Abuse>
      • Emotional Abuse by a Father
      • Emotional Abuse by a Mother
    • Sexual Abuse Behaviour
    • Major Warning Signs Of The Abuser
    • More Warning Signs
    • Difference Between Co-Dependancy And The Abuser
    • Myths And Facts About Domestic Violence
    • The Role Society Plays In Helping The Abuser
    • The Tension Building Explosion Model And The Cycle Of Violence
    • How Do You Know If He's Really Changing
  • Personality Disorders
    • Introduction To Personality Disorders
    • Classification Of Personality Disorders Symptoms And Treatments>
      • Paranoid
      • Schizoid
      • Schizotypal
      • Borderline Or Emotionally Unstable
      • Antisocial Or Dissocial
      • Histrionic
      • Narcissistic
      • Obsessive
      • Avoidant
      • Dependant
    • What Causes Personality Disorders?
    • Can Child Abuse Cause Personality Disorders?
    • Help For A Personality Disorder
    • Living With A Personality Disorder
    • What Is A Sociopath?
    • Profile Of A Sociopath
    • Key Symptoms Of A Sociopath
    • Objective Personality Tests
    • Advantages and Disadvantages of Objective Personality Tests
    • Projective Personality Tests
    • Advantages and Disadvantages of Projective Personality Tests
  • Documentation
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Help For a Personality Disorder

Treatment for people with personality disorders can be psychological (talking therapies) and/or physical (medication).

1. Psychological: talking treatments or therapies

    * Counselling – talking and listening.  This depends on a trusting relationship between the counsellor and the person
       counselled.
    * Dynamic psychotherapy – looks at how past experiences affect present behaviour.
    * Cognitive therapy – a way to change unhelpful patterns of thinking.
    * Cognitive analytical therapy – a way to recognise and change unhelpful patterns in relationships and behaviour.
    * Dialectical behaviour therapy – this uses a combination of cognitive and behavioural therapies, with some techniques
       from Zen Buddhism.  It involves individual therapy and group therapy.
    * Treatment in a therapeutic community – this is a place where people with long-standing emotional problems can go to (or
        sometimes stay) for several weeks or months. Most of the work is done in groups. You learn from getting on – or not
        getting on - with other residents. It differs from 'real life' in that any disagreements or upsets happen in a safe place.
        The staff and other residents help you to get through such problems and learn from them. Users/residents often have a
        lot ofsay over how the place runs, but have to be prepared to stay and work through difficult periods.

2.  Physical

Medication can help in some personality disorders.

Antipsychotic drugs (usually at a low dose)

    * Can reduce the suspiciousness of the three cluster A personality disorders (paranoid, schizoid and schizotypal).
    * Can help with borderline personality disorder if people feel paranoid, or are hearing noises or voices.

Antidepressants

    * Can help with the mood and emotional difficulties that people with cluster B personality disorders (antisocial or
       dissocial, borderline or emotionally unstable, histrionic, and narcissistic) have.
    * Some of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants (SSRIs) can help people to be less impulsive and
       aggressive in borderline and antisocial personality disorders.
    * Can reduce anxiety in cluster C personality disorders (obsessive-compulsive, avoidant and dependent).

Mood stabilisers

Medication such as lithium, carbamazepine, and sodium valproate can also reduce impulsiveness and aggression.

These medications and treatments also help if someone with a personality disorder develops depression or schizophrenia.

The type of therapy offered depends on:

    * individual preference (of the patient/service user);
    * the type of personality disorder;
    * the availability of the treatment in that geographical area.

If you have a personality disorder, you may not need treatment at all – but you might find medication or talking treatments helpful, and sometimes both.  Admission to hospital usually happens only as a last resort (e.g. when a person with borderline personality disorder is harming themselves badly) and for a short time. A lot of the help that was once only offered in hospital wards is now available in day centres or clinics.


How common are personality disorders?

    * About 40-70% of people on a psychiatric ward will have a personality disorder.
    * 30-40% of psychiatric patients being treated in the community by a psychiatric service will have a personality disorder.
    * Around 10-30% of patients who see their general practitioner (GP) will have a personality disorder.

Do personality disorders change with time?

Yes. There is evidence that they tend to improve slowly with age. Antisocial behaviour and impulsiveness, in particular, seem to reduce in your 30s and 40s.

It can, however, sometimes work in the opposite direction. For example, schizotypal personality disorder can develop into the mental illness schizophrenia.


Do interventions/treatments work?

There is evidence for both psychotherapies and medication, but it is weak because:

    * the interventions are usually quite complicated, so it is difficult to know what part (or parts) of the intervention are
       actually having an effect;
    * the number of participants is usually small;
    * the ways of measuring improvement are poor;
    * the studies into interventions and treatments have mostly been quite short.
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